ممكن مساعدة ياأعضاء منتدى غرابيل

اريد المساعدة اريد بحث عن الأدوية يتكلم عن بعض الأدوية من حيث: التركيب والخواص ودواعي الإستعمال والجرعة وطريقة الإستعمال و نواهي الإستعمال و الأعراض الجانبية وأبغى البحث بالإنجليزي ويالييييييييييييت بأسرع وقت ممكن

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عاد البحث بالانجليزي


الواحد زين يقدر يفك الخط بالانجليزي من وين يقدر يدور بحث


^_^


الله المعين بحاول ادور لو ما قدرت اطلع لك مافي غير بالعربي


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أهلين توتو ... هذا ممكن يفيدك ::::


Medicines and Your Body


Medicines can enter the body in many different ways. As drugs make their way through the body, many steps happen along the way. Understanding how medicines work in your body can help you learn why it is important to use medicines safely and effectively.

Drugs are absorbed into the body when they travel from their point of entry into the blood. When you take medicines by mouth, they move through the digestive tract to the liver, the place where the body processes chemicals.

When you take medicines in other ways -- getting a shot, using an inhaler, or applying a skin patch, for instance -- the medicine bypasses the liver and enters the bloodstream directly or through the skin or lungs.

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The bloodstream carries medicines throughout the body in a process called distribution. Drugs often interact with many body organs. Side effects can occur if a drug has an effect in an organ other than its target organ.


After a medicine has done its job in the body, the drug is broken down through a process called metabolism. Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a medicine by the body.


Often, when a drug is broken down (or chemically altered by the body), it produces products called metabolites. These metabolites are not usually as strong as the original drug, but sometimes they can have effects that are stronger than the original drug.

Because most metabolites are broken down in the liver, scientists refer to the liver as a "detoxifying" organ. As such, the liver can be prone to damage caused by too much medicine in the body.

Once the liver is finished working on a medicine, the now-inactive drug enters the excretion stage and exits the body in the urine or feces. Age-related changes in kidney function can have significant effects on how fast a drug is eliminated from the body.



Taking Medicines Safely


People age 65 and older take more prescription and over-the-counter medicines than any other age group. Older people as a group tend to have more long-term, chronic illnesses such as arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.



Because they may have a number of health problems or issues at the same time, it is common for older people to take many different drugs. To avoid risk and get the best results from your medicines, here are some tips on how to take medicines safely and manage them wisely.

Testing Medicines


Testing potential new drugs in people is done through a process known as clinical trials. A clinical trial is a research study with people to find out if a new drug or treatment is both safe and effective. This type of medical research has led to treatments for many diseases, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, arthritis, heart disease, and childhood leukemia.

Testing Medicines - Developing Medicines


The Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, is the federal agency responsible for making sure that foods and cosmetics are safe, and that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective. Clinical trials are a key part of drug discovery and development, and the FDA requires that new drugs be tested in clinical trials before they are put on the market.

Tomorrow's Medicines

As scientists learn more about human biology, they will discover how to identify and attack the root causes of many more health problems. Research findings that explain how the body works pave the way to finding safer and better treatments for diseases.



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Before using your medicine


Before you use any medicine, tell your health care professional:

If you have ever had an allergic or unusual reaction to any medicine, food, or other substance, such as yellow dye or sulfites.
If you are on a low-salt, low-sugar, or any other special diet. Most medicines contain more than their active ingredient, and many liquid medicines contain alcohol.
If you are pregnant or if you plan to become pregnant. Certain medicines may cause birth defects or other problems in the unborn child. For other medicines, safe use during pregnancy has not been established. The use of any medicine during pregnancy must be carefully considered and should be discussed with a health care professional.
If you are breast-feeding. Some medicines may pass into the breast milk and cause unwanted effects in the baby.

If you are now taking or have taken any medicines or dietary supplements in the recent past. Do not forget over-the-counter (nonprescription) medicines such as pain relievers, laxatives, and antacids or dietary supplements.
If you have any medical problems other than the one(s) for which your medicine was prescribed.
If you have difficulty remembering things or reading labels.


Storage of your medicine


It is important to store your medicines properly. Guidelines for proper storage include:

Keep out of the reach of children.
Keep medicines in their original containers.
Store away from heat and direct light.
Do not store capsules or tablets in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other damp places. Heat or moisture may cause the medicine to break down. Also, do not leave the cotton plug in a medicine container that has been opened, since it may draw moisture into the container.
Keep liquid medicines from freezing.
Do not store medicines in the refrigerator unless directed to do so.
Do not leave your medicines in an automobile for long periods of time.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine that is no longer needed. Be sure that any discarded medicine is out of the reach of children.



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Proper use of your medicine


Take medicine only as directed, at the right time, and for the full length of your prescribed treatment. If you are using an over-the-counter (nonprescription) medicine, follow the directions on the label unless otherwise directed by your health care professional. If you feel that your medicine is not working for you, check with your health care professional.

Unless your pharmacist has packaged different medicines together in a "bubble-pack," different medicines should never be mixed in one container. It is best to keep your medicines tightly capped in their original containers when not in use. Do not remove the label since directions for use and other important information may appear on it.

To avoid mistakes, do not take medicine in the dark. Always read the label before taking, especially noting the expiration date and any directions for use.

For oral (by mouth) medicines:


In general, it is best to take oral medicines with a full glass of water. However, follow your health care professional's directions. Some medicines should be taken with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach.
When taking most long-acting forms of a medicine, each dose should be swallowed whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing unless you have been specifically told that it is all right to do so.
If you are taking liquid medicines, you should use a specially marked measuring spoon or other device to measure each dose accurately. Ask your pharmacist about these devices. The average household teaspoon may not hold the right amount of medicine.
Oral medicine may come in a number of different dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, and liquids. If you have trouble swallowing the dosage form prescribed for you, check with your health care professional. Another dosage form that you can swallow more easily may be available.
Child-resistant caps on medicine containers have decreased greatly the number of accidental poisonings that occur each year. Use of these caps is required by law. However, if you find it hard to open such caps, you may ask your pharmacist for a regular, easier-to-open cap. He or she can provide you with a regular cap if you request it. However, you must make this request each time you get a prescription filled.


For skin patches:


Apply the patch to a clean, dry skin area that has little or no hair and is free of scars, cuts, or irritation. Remove the previous patch before applying a new one.
Apply a new patch if the first one becomes loose or falls off.
Apply each patch to a different area of skin to prevent skin irritation or other problems.
Do not try to trim or cut the adhesive patch to adjust the dosage. Check with your health care professional if you think the medicine is not working as it should.

For inhalers:


Medicines that come in inhalers usually come with patient directions. Read the directions carefully before using the medicine. If you do not understand the directions, or if you are not sure how to use the inhaler, check with your health care professional.
Since different types of inhalers may be used in different ways, it is very important to follow carefully the directions given to you.




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